第74章 · 原文
现代白话译文
人民不畏惧死亡,为什么用死亡来恐吓他们呢?如果使人民真的畏惧死亡,对于为非作歹的人,我就可以抓来杀掉,谁还敢为非作歹呢?常有专管杀人的去执行杀戮。如果代替专管杀人的去执行杀戮,这就好比代替高明的木匠去砍木头。代替高明的木匠去砍木头,很少有不砍伤自己手的。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
诡异乱羣谓之奇也.为逆顺者之所恶忿也.不仁者人之所疾也.故曰常有司杀者.
河上公注(汉)
民不畏死者,民不畏死,奈何以死惧之也。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
木當其「斲」,豈有避其堅脆者哉?故盜跖、鮑焦相笑而無已時也。揀其所笑,以為或是或非,執秕糠以強人之所固不信,遂將乘人之死以驗己之得,而要之為利,則於殺有喜心,於殺有喜心者,於天下未有損,而徒自剝其和也。聖人知理勢之且然,故哀天而目擊夫化。化日遷而不得不聽,聽化而哀之也抑深矣。豈求以近仁名邪?近仁名者,是有司生者而代之生也。代之生,代之殺,皆愚也。聖人終不為愚,故似不肖。
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此言天命可畏,報應昭然,教人不可輕忽也。勇者,決定之志也。敢者,不計利害而決於為也。殺活,死生也。謂凡世人作事,不顧利害,不怕死生,而敢為之。然敢乃必死之地。故曰勇於敢則殺。若用志於不敢為,是足以保身全生。故曰勇於不敢則活。此天道必然之理也。且此二者,亦有敢而生,不敢而死者。至若顏子夭,而盜蹤壽,此乃當害而利,當利而反害者,何耶。況天道好謙而惡盈,與善而惡惡。是則為惡者,當惡而不惡,斯豈報應差舛耶。世皆疑之。故解之曰,天之所惡,孰能知其故。故,所以然也。孔子曰,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。由此觀之,生存而仁害,雖生亦死。身滅而仁成,雖死亦生。斯則蹠非壽,顏非夭矣。此乃天道所以然之妙,而非世人所易知。是以聖人於此猶難之,不敢輕忽,而敬畏之。所謂畏天之威,於時保之也。故下文歷示天道之所以。逆天者亡,故不爭而善勝。感應冥符,故不言而善應。吉凶禍福如影響,故不召而自來。然報愈遲,而惡愈深,禍愈慘,故繟然而善謀。以報速者有所警,報緩則不及悔,必至盡絕而後已。此所謂善謀也。是則天道昭昭在上,如網之四張,雖恢恢廣大,似乎疏闊。其實善惡感應,毫髮不遺。此所謂疏而不失也。世人不知天命之如此,乃以敢以強以爭競於名利之場。將謂一身之謀,不顧利害死生而為之,自謂智力以致之。蓋不知命之過,皆取死之道也。可不畏哉。
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
若民恒且不畏死,奈何以杀惧之也?
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
English Translations / 英文译本
If people do not fear death, how can you threaten them with death? If people always fear death, and I catch and kill those who do strange things, who would dare? There is always the executioner who kills. To replace the executioner in killing is like replacing the master carpenter in chopping. Those who replace the master carpenter rarely avoid hurting their hands.
If people do not fear death, how can you threaten them with death? If people always fear death, and I catch and kill those who do strange things, who would dare? There is always the executioner who kills. To replace the executioner in killing is like replacing the master carpenter in chopping. Those who replace the master carpenter rarely avoid hurting their hands.
If people do not fear death, how can you threaten them with death? If people always fear death, and I catch and kill those who do strange things, who would dare? There is always the executioner who kills. To replace the executioner in killing is like replacing the master carpenter in chopping. Those who replace the master carpenter rarely avoid hurting their hands.