第56章 · 原文
现代白话译文
真正了解的人不说话,说话的人不了解。堵塞嗜欲的孔窍,关闭嗜欲的门径,磨掉锋芒,消解纷扰,含敛光耀,混同尘世,这就叫作玄妙的同化。所以对他既不能亲近,也不能疏远;既不能使他得利,也不能使他受害;既不能使他尊贵,也不能使他卑贱。所以被天下所尊贵。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
因自然也.造事端也.含守质也.除争原也.无所特显则物无所偏争也.无所特贱则物无所偏耻也.可得而亲则可得而疎也.可得而利则可得而害也.可得而贵则可得而贱也.无物可以加之也.
河上公注(汉)
知者不言者,知者,知道不言也。言者不知者,言者,不知道也。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
夫將同其所同,則亦異其所異。同者我貴之,而或賤之;異者我賤之,而或貴之,何也?以我之貴,知或之賤;以我之賤,知或之貴也。唯不犯物者,物亦不犯我。非不犯也、物固莫能犯之也。因而靡之,坐而老之,使明如列炬,暗如窌土,銳如干將,紛如亂絲,一聽其是非之無極,終不爭同己以為貴,乃冒天下之上,以視天下短長之命。玄乎!玄乎!而何言之足建乎?
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此言天命可畏,報應昭然,教人不可輕忽也。勇者,決定之志也。敢者,不計利害而決於為也。殺活,死生也。謂凡世人作事,不顧利害,不怕死生,而敢為之。然敢乃必死之地。故曰勇於敢則殺。若用志於不敢為,是足以保身全生。故曰勇於不敢則活。此天道必然之理也。且此二者,亦有敢而生,不敢而死者,至若顏子夭,而盜蹤壽,此乃當害而利,當利而反害者,何耶。況天道好謙而惡盈,與善而惡惡。是則為惡者,當惡而不惡,斯豈報應差舛耶。世皆疑之。故解之曰,天之所惡,孰能知其故。故,所以然也。孔子曰,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。由此觀之,生存而仁害,雖生亦死。身滅而仁成,雖死亦生。斯則蹠非壽,顏非夭矣。此乃天道所以然之妙,而非世人所易知。是以聖人於此猶難之,不敢輕忽,而敬畏之。所謂畏天之威,於時保之也。故下文歷示天道之所以。逆天者亡,故不爭而善勝。感應冥符,故不言而善應。吉凶禍福如影響,故不召而自來。然報愈遲,而惡愈深,禍愈慘,故繟然而善謀。以報速者有所警,報緩則不及悔,必至盡絕而後已。此所謂善謀也。是則天道昭昭在上,如網之四張,雖恢恢廣大,似乎疏闊。其實善惡感應,毫髮不遺。此所謂疏而不失也。世人不知天命之如此,乃以敢以強以爭競於名利之場。將謂一身之謀,不顧利害死生而為之,自謂智力以致之。蓋不知命之過,皆取死之道也。可不畏哉。
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
知者弗言,言者弗知。塞其闷,闭其门,和其光,同其尘,挫其锐,解其纷,是谓玄同。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
English Translations / 英文译本
Those who know do not speak. Those who speak do not know. Block the openings, close the doors, blunt the sharpness, untie the knots, harmonize the light, mix with the dust. This is called mysterious unity. Therefore it cannot be made close, cannot be made distant, cannot benefit, cannot harm, cannot honor, cannot humiliate. Therefore it is the most noble in the world.
Those who know do not speak. Those who speak do not know. Block the openings, close the doors, blunt the sharpness, untie the knots, harmonize the light, mix with the dust. This is called mysterious unity. Therefore it cannot be made close, cannot be made distant, cannot benefit, cannot harm, cannot honor, cannot humiliate. Therefore it is the most noble in the world.
Those who know do not speak. Those who speak do not know. Block the openings, close the doors, blunt the sharpness, untie the knots, harmonize the light, mix with the dust. This is called mysterious unity. Therefore it cannot be made close, cannot be made distant, cannot benefit, cannot harm, cannot honor, cannot humiliate. Therefore it is the most noble in the world.