第65章 · 原文
古之善为道者,非以明民,将以愚之。民之难治,以其智多。故以智治国,国之贼;不以智治国,国之福。知此两者亦稽。常知稽,是谓玄德。玄德深矣,远矣,与物反矣,然后乃至大顺。
现代白话译文

古代善于为道的人,不是教人民精巧,而是使人民淳朴。人民所以难治理,是因为他们有太多的智巧心机。所以用智巧治理国家,是国家的灾害;不用智巧治理国家,是国家的福气。要知道这两种方式也是法则。常守这个法则,就叫作玄德。玄德深啊,远啊,与万物返璞归真,然后达到极大的和顺。

多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)

明谓多见智巧诈蔽其朴也.愚谓无知守眞顺自然也.多智巧诈故难治也.智犹治也.以智而治国.所以谓之贼者.故谓之智也.民之难治.以其多智也.当务塞兑闭门.令无知无欲.而以智术动民.邪心既动.复以巧术防民之伪.民知其术.随防而避之.思惟密巧.奸伪益滋.故曰以智治国国之贼也.稽同也.今古之所同则不可废.能知稽式是谓玄徳.玄徳深矣远矣.反其眞也.

河上公注(汉)

古之善为道者者,古之善于为道者也。非以明民者,不以智巧教民也。

王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)

順之則與天下相生,「反」之則與吾相守。生者,生智,生不智;生福,生禍;生德,生賊;莫必其生,而順亦不長也。守者,吾守吾,天下守天下,而不相詔也。夫道之使有是天下也,天下不吾,而吾不天下,久矣「楷式」如斯,而未有易也。仿其「楷」,多其甕缶而土裂於邱;學其「式」,多其觚豆而木落於山,天下其為我之甕缶與其觚豆乎?彼且不甘而怨賊起矣。物欲出生,我止其芽,則天下全其膏潤。心欲出生,我止其幾,則魂魄全其常明:非故「愚之」也,「以明」者非其明也。

憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)

此釋上章圖難於易為大於細之意,以示聖人之要妙,只在為人之所不為,以為學道之捷徑也。治人事天工夫,全在於此。安與未兆。蓋一念不生。喜怒未形。寂然不動之時。吉凶未見之地。乃禍福之先。所謂幾先也。持字,全是用心力量。謂聖人尋常心心念念,朗然照於一念未生之前,持之不失。此中但有一念動作,當下就見就知。是善則容,是惡則止,所謂早復。孔子所謂知幾其神乎。此中下手甚易,用力少而收功多。故曰其安易持。兆,是念之初起。未兆,即未起。此中喜怒未形,而言謀者。此謀,非機謀之謀,乃戒慎恐懼之意。於此著力,圖其早復。蓋第一念為之於未有也。若脆與微,乃一念始萌,乃第二念耳。然一念雖動,善惡未著,甚脆且微。於此著力,所謂治之於未亂也。合抱之木以下,三句皆譬喻。毫末,喻最初一念。累土足下,喻最初一步工夫也。上言用心於內,下言作事於外。為執二句,言常人不知著力於未然之前,卻在既發之後用心。為之則反敗,執之則反失矣。聖人見在幾先,安然於無事之時,故無所為,而亦無所敗。虛心鑒照,故無所執,而亦無所失。以其聖人因理以達事耳。常民不知在心上做,卻從事上做,費盡許多力氣,且每至於幾成而敗之。此特機巧智謀,有心做來,不但不成,縱成亦不能久,以不知聽其自然耳。慎終如始。始,乃事之初。終,乃事之成。天下之事,縱然盈乎天地之間。聖人之見,察其始也本來不有。以本不有,故將有也,任其自然,而無作為之心。及其終也,事雖已成,觀之亦似未成之始,亦無固執不化之念,此所謂慎終如始,故無敗事也。是以聖人欲不欲,不貴難得之貨。學不學,復眾人之所過。以輔萬物之自然。而不敢為。莊子內聖外王學問,全出於此。吾人日用明此,可以坐進此道。以此用世,則功大名顯。伊周事業,特緒餘耳。豈不至易哉。

马王堆帛书异文(西汉)

故曰:为道者非以明民也,将以愚之也。民之难治也,以其知也。

帛书本'其安易持'作'其安易持','其未兆易谋'作'其未兆易谋'。
郭店楚简异文(战国)

此章缺

郭店本'其安易持'章内容完整。
English Translations / 英文译本

The ancients who practiced the way did not use it to enlighten the people but to keep them simple. The reason people are difficult to govern is because they are too clever. To govern a state with cleverness harms the state. Not to govern a state with cleverness benefits the state. These two are standards. Always knowing this standard is called mysterious virtue. Mysterious virtue is deep, far-reaching, and opposite of things, and thus reaches agreement.

The ancients who practiced the way did not use it to enlighten the people but to keep them simple. The reason people are difficult to govern is because they are too clever. To govern a state with cleverness harms the state. Not to govern a state with cleverness benefits the state. These two are standards. Always knowing this standard is called mysterious virtue. Mysterious virtue is deep, far-reaching, and opposite of things, and thus reaches agreement.

The ancients who practiced the way did not use it to enlighten the people but to keep them simple. The reason people are difficult to govern is because they are too clever. To govern a state with cleverness harms the state. Not to govern a state with cleverness benefits the state. These two are standards. Always knowing this standard is called mysterious virtue. Mysterious virtue is deep, far-reaching, and opposite of things, and thus reaches agreement.