第19章 · 原文
现代白话译文
抛弃聪明智巧,人民可以得到百倍的好处;抛弃仁义,人民可以恢复孝慈的天性;抛弃巧诈和私利,盗贼也就没有了。圣智、仁义、巧利这三者全是巧饰,作为治理社会的法则是不够的。所以要使人们的认识有所归属:表现单纯,持守朴素,减少私欲,抛弃学问,没有忧愁。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
圣智才之善也.仁义行之善也.巧利用之善也.而直云絶.文甚不足.不令之有所属.无以见其指.故曰此三者以为文而未足.故令人有所属.属之于素朴寡欲.
河上公注(汉)
绝圣弃智者,绝圣智,反璞归淳也。绝仁弃义者,绝仁义,复于孝慈也。绝巧弃利者,绝巧利,复于朴素也。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
「綿綿若存」,其有所屬乎!故魚遊而水乘之,鳥飛而空憑之。含天下之文者,莫大乎素;資天下之不足者,莫大於樸。以為有,而固未親乎用;以為無,而人與天之相親者在此也。綴乎和以致生,是以能長生。離乎和以專用,是以無大用。
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此承前章而言智不可用,亦不足以治天下也。然中古聖人,將謂百姓不利,乃為斗斛權衡符璽仁義之事,將利於民,此所謂聖人之智巧矣。殊不知民情日鑿,因法作奸。就以斗斛權衡符璽仁義之事,竊以為亂。方今若求復古之治,須是一切盡去,端拱無為,而天下自治矣。且聖智本欲利民,今既竊以為亂,反為民害。棄而不用,使民各安其居,樂其業,則享百倍之利矣。且仁義本為不孝不慈者勸,今既竊之以為亂,苟若棄之,則民有天性自然之孝慈可復矣。此即莊子所謂虎狼仁也。意謂虎狼亦有天性之孝慈,不待教而後能。況其人為物之靈乎。且智巧本為安天下,今既竊為盜賊之資,苟若棄之,則盜賊無有矣。然聖智仁義智巧之事,皆非樸素,乃所以文飾天下也。今皆去之,似乎於文則不定,於樸素則有餘。因世人不知樸素渾全之道,故逐逐於外物,故多思多欲。今既去華取實,故令世人心志,有所係屬於樸素之道。若人人果能見素抱樸,則自然少思寡欲矣。若知老子此中道理,只以莊子馬蹄胠篋作註解,自是超足。
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
绝圣弃智,民利百倍。绝仁弃义,民复孝慈。绝巧弃利,盗贼无有。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
绝智弃辩,民利百倍。绝巧弃利,盗贼无有。绝伪弃虑,民复孝慈。
English Translations / 英文译本
Abandon wisdom and discard intelligence, and the people will benefit a hundredfold. Abandon benevolence and discard righteousness, and the people will return to filial piety and parental love. Abandon skill and discard profit, and there will be no thieves or robbers. These three are the outward forms and not adequate. Therefore let people hold on to these: manifest simplicity, embrace the pristine, reduce selfishness, decrease desires.
Abandon wisdom and discard intelligence, and the people will benefit a hundredfold. Abandon benevolence and discard righteousness, and the people will return to filial piety and parental love. Abandon skill and discard profit, and there will be no thieves or robbers. These three are the outward form and are not sufficient. Therefore let people hold on to these: manifest simplicity, embrace the uncarved block, reduce selfishness, decrease desires.
Reject wisdom, discard intelligence, the people benefit a hundredfold. Reject benevolence, discard righteousness, the people return to filial piety and compassion. Reject skill, discard profit, thieves and robbers disappear. These three are not enough. Therefore let people belong to this: see simplicity, embrace the uncarved block, reduce selfishness, decrease desire.