第72章 · 原文
现代白话译文
当人民不畏惧统治者的威压时,那么可怕的祸乱就要到来了。不要逼迫人民的居处,不要压榨人民的生活。只有不压榨人民,人民才不厌恶统治者。因此圣人有自知之明而不自我表现,有自爱之心而不自显高贵。所以舍弃后者而采取前者。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
清净无为谓之居.谦后不盈谓之生.离其清净.行其躁欲.弃其谦后.任其威权.则物扰而民弹僻.威不能复制民.民不能堪其威.则上下大溃矣.天诛将至.故曰民不畏威则大威至.无狎其所居.无厌其所生.言威力不可任也.不自厌也.不自厌是以天下莫之厌.不自见其所知.以耀光行威也.自贵则物将狎居厌生.
河上公注(汉)
民不畏威者,民不畏威刑,则大威至矣。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
侈於有者窮於無,填其虛者增其實,將舉手流目而無往非「狹」也,亦舉手流目而無住非「厭」也。有「居」者,有居「居」者。有「生」者,有生「生」者。居「居」者浹於「居」之裏,澒洞盤旋,廣於天地。生「生」者保其「生」之和,婉嫕蕭散,樂於春臺。而自棄其樂,自塞其廣,悲哉!屏營終夕,不自聊而求助於「威」也。是故去「見」則不廣而廣,去「貴」則樂不以樂。日游於澹遠,以釋無窮,恢乎有餘,充乎有適。忘天下而不為累,天下亦將忘之。蓋居「居」而生「生」者,天下之固有也,而我奚「見」而奚「貴」乎?
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此承上言惟無知,是以不我知。恐人錯認無知,故重指出無知之地也。然世人之知,乃敵物分別之知,有所知也。聖人之知,乃離物絕待,照體獨立之知,無所知也。故聖人之無知,非斷滅無知,乃無世人之所知耳。無所知,乃世人所不知也。世人所不知,乃聖人之獨知。人能知其所不知之地,則為上矣。故曰知不知上。若夫臆度妄見,本所不知,而強自以為知。或錯認無知為斷滅,同於木石之無知。此二者皆非真知,適足為知之病耳。故曰不知知病。若苟知此二者為知之病,則知見頓亡,可造無知之地,而無強知妄知之病矣。故曰夫惟病病,是以不病。聖人但無強妄之知,故稱無知,非是絕然斷滅無知也。故曰聖人不病。此段工夫,更無別樣玄妙。唯病其妄知強知是病而不用。是以不墮知病之中,而名無知。此無知,乃真知。苦如此真知,則終日知而無所知。斯實聖人自知之明,常人豈易知哉。此所以易知易行,而世人不能知不能行也。古云,知之一字,眾妙之門。知之一字,眾禍之門。然聖人無知之地,必假知以入。若悟無知,則妄知自泯。此乃知之一字,眾妙之門也。若執有知以求無知,則反增知障,此乃眾禍之門。正是此中知之病也。知不知上,最初知字,正是入道之要。永嘉云,所謂知者,但知而已,此句最易而難明。學者日用工夫,當從此入。
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
民之不畏威,则大威将至矣。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
English Translations / 英文译本
When people do not fear power, great power arrives. Do not restrict their dwelling, do not oppress their lives. Only when not oppressed will they not be oppressed. Therefore the sage knows himself but does not show himself, loves himself but does not exalt himself. Therefore he rejects the former and takes the latter.
When people do not fear power, great power arrives. Do not restrict their dwelling, do not oppress their life. Only when not oppressed will they not be oppressed. Therefore the sage knows himself but does not show himself, loves himself but does not exalt himself. Therefore he rejects the latter and takes the former.
When people do not fear power, great power arrives. Do not restrict their dwelling, do not oppress their life. Only when not oppressed will they not be oppressed. Therefore the sage knows himself but does not show himself, loves himself but does not exalt himself. Therefore he rejects the latter and takes the former.