第43章 · 原文
现代白话译文
天下最柔弱的东西,能穿透天下最坚硬的东西。空虚无形之物能进入没有缝隙的东西中,我因此知道无为的好处。不言的教化,无为的好处,天下很少能赶上它的。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
气无所不入.水无所不经.虚无柔弱.无所不通.无有不可穷.至柔不可折.以此推之故知无为之有益也.
河上公注(汉)
天下之至柔者,至柔者,水也。驰骋天下之至坚者,水能攻坚强者也。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
適燕者北馳,適粵者南騁;而無適之駕,則常得其夷而無所阻,轢踐百為而無所牾。以觹解者,不能解不糾之結;以斧析者,不能析無理之薪。苟知實之有虛,因而襲之,則祈距萬變,而我志無不得。夫炫其「堅」而脩備,測其「間」而抵隙音多矣,道之所以終隱於「可道」也。
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此言無為之益,福利於民,反顯有為之害也。凡治大國,以安靜無擾為主,行其所無事,則民自安居樂業,而蒙其福利矣。故曰若烹小鮮。烹小鮮,則不可撓。撓,則靡爛而不全矣。治民亦然。夫虐政害民,災害並至,民受其殃。不知為政之道,乃以鬼神為厲而傷人,反以祭祀以要其福。其實君人者不道所致也。若以道德君臨天下,則和氣致祥,雖有鬼而亦不神矣。不神,謂不能為禍福也。且鬼神非無,然洋洋乎如在其上,如在其左右,豈不昭格於上下耶。第雖靈爽赫然,但只為民之福,不為民害。故曰非其鬼不神,但其神不傷人耳。然非其神不傷人,實由聖人含哺百姓,如保赤子。與天地合其德,鬼神合其吉凶,而絕無傷民之意,故鬼神協和而致福也。故曰非其神不傷人,聖人亦不傷之。如湯之時,七年大旱。湯以身代犧牲,藉茅以禱,致雨三尺。故民皆以湯王克誠感格所致,斯蓋由夫兩不相傷,故其德交歸焉。此無為之德,福民如此。
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
天下之至柔,驰骋于天下之至坚。无有入于无间。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
English Translations / 英文译本
The softest thing in the world gallops through the hardest thing in the world. The non-existent can enter the non-gapped. Therefore I know the value of non-action. The teaching without words, the value of non-action, are rare in the world.
The softest thing in the world gallops through the hardest thing in the world. The non-existent can enter the spaceless. Therefore I know the value of non-action. The teaching without words, the value of non-action, are rare in the world.
The softest thing in the world gallops through the hardest thing in the world. The non-existent can enter the spaceless. Therefore I know the value of non-action. The teaching without words, the value of non-action, are rare in the world.